Bob Shell: AAP, What Are They?

UFO illustration by Dean Rosenzweig, copyright 2023
Artwork by Dean Rosenzweig, Copyright 2023

Text by Bob Shell, Copyright 2023

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AAP, What Are They?

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Everyone has heard of UFOs or Flying Saucers, but what are they? My preferred term is AAP, Anomalous Aerial Phenomena. I prefer this term to UFO, because it makes no assumptions not established by the observations. AAP don’t fly in the sense that our aircraft and rockets do. They lack wings, airfoils, and have no visible means of propulsion. Occasionally they show exhaust behind them, but that is rare. They simple float or hang in the air without any visible means of support. They accelerate instantaneously, to amazing speeds without causing sonic booms, which we cannot do. They make right-angle turns in defiance of inertia. 

And, are they even objects in our normal sense of that concept. They disappear into nothing, appear from nothing, divide into two or more, change shape and size, and don’t show up on ordinary radar. So, it seems they aren’t objects as we think of that word. 

The only part of UFO that’s true is that they are unidentified. We simply don’t know what they are. 

The old term Flying Saucer doesn’t fit, either, because they don’t fly, as above, and are rarely saucer-shaped. 

The term Flying Saucer was coined by newspapers after Kenneth Arnold’s sighting near Mt Ranier in 1947. Arnold was piloting a small plane when he saw a formation of AAPs flying at phenomenal speed (he estimated 14,000 mph). He said they moved “like a saucer skipping over water,” a common observation of AAPs. This “accelersate and glide” movement has been observed many times. 

But Arnold never said they were saucer-shaped. He said they moved like saucers. The things he saw were crescent-shaped. Newspapermen stuck us with an erroneous name. Unfortunately, this catchy name stuck for a long time. 

AAP come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes, but are rarely actually saucer-shaped. 

Back in the early 1970’s I had a very clear daytime AAP sighting. My wife and I were living on an old farm with no close neighbors. The old farmhouse was on the side of a hill overlooking a shallow valley. We were sitting on the front porch on a warm, sunny summer day, when movement in the corner of my eye caught my attention. 

When I looked up, I saw a shiny metallic cigar-shaped something slowly crossing the sky. It is very difficult to judge the size of things with no point of reference, but I could tell this thing was quite large. I ran inside the house and grabbed my good 7 X 35 German binoculars and looked at it through them. It was externally featureless, appearing to have a shiny metal skin like polished aluminum with no windows or other external features. As it slowly traversed the sky we noticed a weird phenomenon. Nature had gone absolutely silent. Before this thing appeared birds were chirping, grasshoppers were rasping, tree leaves were rustling in the breeze, all the normal natural sounds of summer in the country. All that ceased — stopped dead. The silence was eerie, spooky, and the hair on the back of my neck stood up. 

When the thing had gone about a third of the way from horizon to horizon, a blinding white beam like a searchlight shone down from about its middle, brighter than the sun, onto things I couldn’t see because of a small ridge across the valley. That light shone down for maybe fifteen seconds or so, then went out. 

The thing wasn’t directly overhead. We were viewing it at about a sixty degree angle above the far horizon. It moved silently and majestically across the sky from my left to my right, until it disappeared behind the tree line. Once it had gone all of the sounds started again as though nothing had interrupted them. 

In those days you could call the air traffic controllers in the tower of the Roanoke airport. I called them and asked if they knew of any air traffic in my area, but they said there was none. 

I reported the sighting to NICAP, but never heard anything more about it. It was a very dramatic event and remains burned into my memory all these years later. 

In all the years since, when anyone asked me if I was a UFO believer, I answered that I was not a believer, I was a knower. I know AAP exist, but I don’t claim to know what they are. 

That was not my first or only experience with AAP. A few years earlier, around 1971, I was on my way late at night from Roanoke, Virginia to Washington, DC. I was in my mid-twenties and didn’t own a car at the time, so I was riding on a Greyhound bus, sitting toward the front on the righthand side. As we headed east across the northern Virginia countryside toward Washington, it was clear but very dark outside. I looked to the southeast and saw three very large somethings hovering over the hills. The things themselves were invisible, black or very dark against the night sky, but appeared spherical and were covered with colored lights that were blinking on and off in what appeared to be random patterns. I watched, spellbound, for a few minutes. They didn’t move, appeared to be hovering stationary over the hills. There was a moderate wind blowing as I could see from the motion of the trees, but these things weren’t moved by it. To me that ruled out some sort of gigantic balloons. I got up and walked forward and called the bus driver’s attention to them. The other few passengers appeared to be asleep, so I didn’t bother them. 

The driver slowed to look and said, “What the hell is that?” in amazement. I wanted him to stop so we could get a better look, but he said he couldn’t unless it was a genuine emergency, and he didn’t consider it one, so we continued on our way at a slower speed, watching them until I lost sight of the things behind us. As far as I could tell, they didn’t move at all.

Interstate 66 hadn’t been built yet, so we were traveling on two-lane blacktop roads, and at times roadside trees hid the AAP but when visibility was restored, they were still hanging there. I’d guess they were visible for fifteen minutes or more. I knew some of the people at NICAP, so I filed a report of the incident with them the following day, noting the time and bus number. I may have known the driver’s name and put it in my report, but if so I’ve forgotten it over the years. 

My interest in AAP goes back to my teens. My late father, Jim Shell, was a television news reporter for WSLS TV, Channel Ten, in Roanoke. He’d spent all of WW II in San Francisco in one of the coastal defense batteries, set up to defend the San Francisco Bay from Japanese submarines. Even in the 1950’s, San Francisco was a hotbed of what were called hipsters, and beatniks, the beat generation. 

My father became a Freemason and Rosicrucian, and raised his three children free from the mental shackles of established religion. I am ever thankful for that gift he gave me. 

In the mid-1960’s there was a major “UFO flap” in the little town of Wytheville, Virginia (pronounced ‘With-vul’ by the locals). This event was included peripherally in an X Files episode. 

Briefly, for over a year scores of residents of the Wytheville area saw flying triangles, large, triangular-shaped things that flew around above them. There was one place where people parked to watch them, seeing them almost every night. 

Most of the media other than the local newspaper dismissed the whole thing, but my father took it seriously. He went to Wytheville and interviewed numerous eyewitnesses, and reported about the events on his newscasts. 

Interestingly, similar triangular AAP were seen over Belgium at the same time, and reported in European media. Then, as abruptly as it started, it ended. The triangles were seen no more and most people filed it all away in some dark corner of their minds or simply forgot about it. 

My father got a bunch of UFO books when he was researching the Wytheville events. I read them all, and was convinced there was something real going on. 

Those events, and others I may write about one day, confirmed for me that we humans share this planet with “others,” who have technology far beyond anything we have even dreamed of. Who or what they are I do not know, but I have my ideas. 

Recently, I saw a TV report that said that NASA scientists believe there is evidence of an earlier prehuman civilization. 

They have been called ultraterrestrials and hyperterrestrials by some researchers. 

Although many books and articles state that the AAP began with Kenneth Arnold’s 1947 sighting, that is simply wrong. Sightings of AAP date back as far as recorded history. Whatever they are, they’ve been with us since we became human, if not before. 

I’ll write more about AAP and my personal experiences with them as time allows. I’d be interested in hearing from others with personal AAP experiences. I’m currently writing a sequel to my 2019 book ‘Cosmic Dance’ and intend to include a chapter on AAP.

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About The Author: Bob Shell is a professional photographer, author, former editor in chief of Shutterbug Magazine and veteran contributor to this blog. He is currently serving a 35 year sentence for involuntary manslaughter for the death of Marion Franklin, one of his former models.  He is serving the 13th year of his sentence at Pocahontas State Correctional Facility, Virginia. To read additional articles by Bob Shell link here: https://tonyward.com/bob-shell-images-and-artificial-intelligence/

Bob Shell: Images and Artificial Intelligence

Portrait of porn star Kimberly Kane photographed by famous photographer Tony Ward
Film Photo: Tony Ward, Copyright 2023

Text by Bob Shell, Copyright 2023

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Images and Artificial Intelligence

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Every year, Sony Corporation sponsors the Sony World Photography Prize. Thousands of photographers worldwide enter to win this prestigious award. 

This year’s winner was Boris Elgadsen who won with a portrait of two women. 

After winning, Elgadsen revealed that his winning image was not a photograph at all, but the creation of an artificial intelligence program. 

He said he was just testing to see if artistic competitions were prepared to detect AI creations. “They are not,” he said in an understatement itself worthy of a prize. 

Years ago when Photoshop first became available, a traditionalist photographer told me, “This is the death of real photography.” In a sense he was right. 

It used to be that photography represented reality, at least for the most part, because manipulations were difficult. Photoshop changed that. Now, we won’t even need a photograph or photographic elements as starting points to create an image. Just describe what you want to an AI program and it will create it for you. 

AI is also capable of generating sound. Using the Telegram app, users can create false voices. The hacker group known as Torswats offers services such as closing down a school with an AI generated bomb threat for $ 75. For $ 50 they will they will call in a report designed to have police raid a person’s house and haul him off in handcuffs. 

Beyond photography and malicious use of AI, using the app Replika anyone can create a virtual human. A boyfriend or girlfriend who will love you unconditionally, and look and act as you choose. Many users say they prefer these artificial people to the real thing. Using a VR headset, you can interact with them in a virtual reality superimposed on your own reality. The only downside — you can’t touch or be touched by them — yet!

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About The Author: Bob Shell is a professional photographer, author, former editor in chief of Shutterbug Magazine and veteran contributor to this blog. He is currently serving a 35 year sentence for involuntary manslaughter for the death of Marion Franklin, one of his former models.  He is serving the 13th year of his sentence at Pocahontas State Correctional Facility, Virginia. To read additional articles by Bob Shell related to UFO’s, click here: https://tonyward.com/bob-shell-film-makes-a-comeback/

Kitchie Ohh: Universal Rules

Portrait of Kitchie Ohh pinup diva and writer for Tony Ward Studio
Portrait of Kitchie Ohh courtesy Tommy B Photo, Copyright 2023

Text by Kitchie Ohh, Copyright 2023

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Universal Rules

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I am not a religious person. However, I do believe in the golden rule,” and try to live by it. I also believe there is something other than us, connecting, guiding, looking out for us. Lets call it the Universe. I know Im not alone in this belief, and while comforting, I also know that people put their own spin on it. Nothing is perfect, no single person, no belief system, not even the universe. Stephen Hawking agreed, though he probably meant the literal universe of stars, planets, and all. It still tracks. He said, one of the basic rules of the universe is that nothing is perfect. Perfection simply doesnt exist.”

Now, someone who definitely meant universe in a way similar to my referencing it, is Deepak Chopra. I dont necessarily look to him as an authority on all things spiritual. Hell, I couldnt even say I agree with everything he has said and written. But, Im of the opinion that when something resonates with you, whatever it is, you hold onto it and whatever feeling it gives you. Honestly, I only mention him as a while back I found some of his quotes that more effectively expressed what I believe, and the things I have experienced over the course of my life, so far. Here we go.

The universe has no fixed agenda. Once you make a decision, it works around that decision. There is no right or wrong, only a series of possibilities that shift with each thought, feeling, and action you experience.“ Okay. So first the no right or wrongthing. I interpret that as being in reference to living your life, theres no right or wrong way for you to be you.  Unless of course you choose to live in a way that harms yourself or others. Our choices make all the difference. Things fall into place, or dont, as a result. I dont believe in fate or destiny. Theres clearly a path that will bring us to the destination; whatever goal it is that we set. The thing is we still must make choices every day to get there. Even refusing to choose is a choice. Small decisions, like what to wear today or whether its oatmeal or cornflakes for breakfast might not make a huge impact in the long run. But learning, dedicating time, money, and effort, absolutely will.  

This point played out in my career. Did some higher power choose the world of nonprofit fundraising for me? Would I have ended up here regardless of the choices I made? I hardly think so. I have other options, I explored many of them. They didnt fit for reasons ranging from logistics to financial, personal to professional. I chose to pursue this. I enjoy this (most days), and it makes sense. It has never felt like destiny. It is work. It is a choice, every day. This idea also prevails in my personal life. I make choices to make myself content, comfortable, and as happy as I can be. If I waited for the universe, or destiny, to show me what I was supposed to be doing, I dont think I would ever be satisfied with the now. How could I be? That belief leads to either always waiting for something bigger and better, or allowing myself to make excuses, not act to make change, because this is how its supposed to be. Nope, sorry, I wont stand for that. 

There are no extra pieces in the universe. Everyone is here because he or she has a place to fill, and every piece must fit itself into the big jigsaw puzzle.” I wholeheartedly feel that everyone you meet, even briefly, plays a part in who you are. I will say the jigsaw puzzle analogy maybe a smidge too rigid for me, though. The shapes in a puzzle fit together in a specific way, individual shapes cant change and still fit. But the idea that everyone is here, everyone fitsand no one is extra or unnecessary, is beautiful. More so, I think because of its duality. Everyone YOU meet impacts YOUR life somehow, while everyone who meets YOU is impacted as well. As someone who has in the past felt completely insignificant and utterly invisible, embracing this idea has made a huge difference in how I show up in all facets of my life. 

I am now often reminded of this concept. Any time I speak with several of my friends, I cant help but recall the circumstances under which we met. I agreed to go to an event with an individual I knew, more than a friend, not quite a significant other. The event was amazing, the person, however, not so much. Their behavior toward me shifted entirely once we arrived. I was left wondering what I had done. Literally, I was left, alone. Knowing very few people, myself, I decided not to dwell. I would make new friends, or at least, find some people to hang out with that werent complete jerks. Nearly six years later, and I still have great relationships with quite a few people I met that weekend, but hardly speak to the one who brought me there. I cannot be angry or hold a grudge against the person who I attended that event with. Their presence in my life was the catalyst for more meaningful relationships. That was how their piece fit into my puzzle, and Im grateful.

Wrapping up the quotes attributed to Chopra, we have this gem. Coincidences are not accidents but signals from the universe to guide us to our true destiny.” Weve already covered my opinion of destiny. But aside from that part, this idea that coincidences have a meaning is also something that rings true for me. That is not to say all coincidences must have an especially deep, profound meaning. They might just be a nudge to remember something from your past that makes you smile.

Or maybe, sometimes, they do serve a much larger purpose. In December, I was in a very bad place mentally, emotionally, and professionally. I was feeling completely overwhelmed daily. I slowly began changing things, one at a time, to improve my situation. One day, I was talking to my sister (as I do every day without fail) and was venting about a lot of things, but mostly not finding great job opportunities in my search. Toward the end of the conversation, I remarked that I had an incredibly vivid dream the previous night about our aunt who we lost to cancer, suddenly and unexpectedly. To which my sister replied, Oh my gosh, me too!!” I refreshed my job search; the new top result was a fundraising position with a cancer focused nonprofit. We agreed, Bettys appearance in our dreams was no coincidence. The universe was nudging me toward exploring this opportunity. Which I did…and got the job! 

Ill end this rant with one more belief I hold, that aligns very well with my idea of the Universe, and that is balance. As often as I look to the universe, I also look for balance. Things feeling heavy? Do something silly; lighten the mood! Throwing yourself into work? Take a break. You get the idea. Ill also share that, sometimes, I feel like balance seeks me. It occurs most often when Im feeling cocky. The universe is quick to knock me down a peg, and I always hear that message loud and clear. The need for balance for me, serves as a course correction; it gives the opportunity to recognize a trajectory toward negativity, realign and refocus. Its a good thing. 

One more note on universe and balance. Sometimes, maybe not terribly often, the universe needs to balance its own scale. Keep in mind everything else weve covered thus far: Nothing at all is perfect. Everyone has a purpose. There are no coincidences. 

Just prior to the full pandemic-shutdown three years ago, I met someone for a date. It seemed promising. It did not pan out, despite more than a few tries. Several weeks ago, I met someone else. Similar age. Similar appearance. Similar interests. Same name. My mind immediately threw up the red flag, warning me Didnt we do this already? Remember what happened?” I forced that thought back, telling myself that similar isnt identical. Even the universe isnt perfect. Perhaps, the similarities were to grab my attention. Perhaps, the first persons purpose was to embody things I appreciated and wanted but also to remind me not to let those things overshadow what was not wanted or aligned with who I am. Perhaps, this could be a good thing. Im still figuring that out. Our meeting was a choice; part of the bigger picture of both our lives. Not fate. Not destiny. Well decide what happens. Or doesnt. Maybe the Universe is saying “oops, that first one? My bad. Try this one.”

All of this is how I make sense of things, of my life, and my experiences. I appreciate and fully understand that despite all my overthinking and overanalyzing not everything will be clearly defined. And Im okay with it because, as per Neil DeGrasse Tyson, the universe is under no obligation to make sense to you.” Or me. Yet, it will never stop me from trying. 

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Portrait of Kitchie Ohh. Pin up model and writer for Tony Ward Studio
Portrait of Kitchie Ohh courtesy Tommy B Photo, Copyright 2023

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About the Author:

Kitchie Ohh is a full-time professional fundraiser who has worked with a number of health and human services nonprofits in the Philadelphia area over the last 20 years. She found her passion for modeling after a pinup-style photoshoot in 2013. Since then, she has worked with many talented photographers, stylists, hair and makeup artists in a variety of styles. She has been featured in- and on the covers of – multiple print and digital publications. Over the years, she has branched out from pinup studio modeling to serve as a figure model for live sketching, walked a runway, and was part of two campaigns for Philadelphia designer K. Vaughn.

In addition to her philanthropy-focused career, she has volunteered with art, historical, and community organizations, and even the events team of a local brewery for a while, pre-pandemic.

You’re just as likely to find her whipping up something deliciously plant-based in her kitchen or knitting a sweater as you are to find her on a photography set. Her motto is “be both.” The model and the homemaker, sultry and sweet, serious and silly. All the things, all at once.

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To access additional articles by Kitchie Ohh, please click here: https://tonyward.com/kitchie-ohh-beware-the-ides-of-march/

Bob Shell: Film Makes A Comeback

Birds eye View Film photograph of red vintage Porsche 911
Photo: Tony Ward, Copyright 1985

Text by Bob Shell, Copyright 2023

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Film Makes a Comeback

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For years in the 1980’s and 1990’s I wrote for an industry publication named Photo Industry Reporter. Because it was for photographic dealers only, it didn’t conflict with my job as Editor In Chief at SHUTTERBUG, a consumer magazine. 

I loved writing for Rudy Maschke and Ed Wagner, who owned and operated it. Both men are gone now. When both were in their 80’s they sold the magazine to Jerry Grossman, formerly an executive at Nikon. When the whole industry changed, the magazine changed, too. Now it’s named Digital Imaging Reporter (www.PIR.com). Because of my long history with the publication, they send it to me, and it helps keep me up on what’s happening in the photo industry. 

In the latest issue, Jerry Grossman wrote an interesting editorial about the latest trend in photography — film. Yes, the younger generation has discovered the joys of film photography. So much so, in fact, that film is in short supply. 

Pentax, one of the oldest camera manufacturers, and now part of Ricoh, has just announced a project to develop a new line of film cameras. Can the other camera makers be far behind? 

Not so many years ago, used film cameras were very difficult to sell. Now prices on the classic film cameras from companies like Canon, Nikon, Minolta (now Sony’s camera division), Pentax, Olympus, Hasselblad, Mamiya, and many others are going up. 

Maybe the ones I have in storage will have value when I’m able to sell them, or use them again. 

This increased interest in film has revived its companion, darkroom work. A few years ago you couldn’t give away darkroom equipment. I know, I tried. I had a very elaborate darkroom with two enlargers, automated film and print processors, safelights, and everything else to process film and make prints. I tried to sell it all, with zero success. 

If I still had it today, I could probably sell it easily. 

The return of interest in film photography parallels the interest in vinyl LPs, turntables, tube amplifiers, all the audiophile stuff that was once called ‘Hi-Fi’. Many recording artists are issuing their music on vinyl today, some issuing only on vinyl. I can verify that vinyl albums played on quality turntables through tube amplifiers and topnotch speakers have a ‘warmer’ sound. 

Similarly, images photographed on film with high quality lenses and printed on high quality photographic paper with a high silver content have a unique look that can’t be duplicated digitally. 

With the return of darkroom, the old argument over which kind of enlarger will return. Are condenser enlargers that send a focused beam of light through the negative better than diffuser enlargers that bathe the negative in unfocused, diffuse light? Photographers used to argue about that late into the night. I’ve owned and used both, but preferred the diffusion systems because they produced smoother tones to my eye and suppressed dust on negatives, cutting down on laborious print spotting. 

My two enlargers were a Zone VI 5 X 7 that used a cold light head, and a Saunders/LPL 4 X 5 that used interchangeable diffusers for different negative sizes. Much of my commercial work was made on 4 X 5 inch film with a Toyo studio camera or my 4 X 5 Zone VI field camera using Schneider-Kreuznach lenses. I tried other makes but couldn’t beat the image quality of the Schneiders. I also had an old Kodak 2D 8 X 10 camera made in 1918. I fitted it with a Voigtlander 300 mm Apo-Lanthar lens in a Compur Electronic shutter. Every once in a blue moon a client would want an 8 X 10 transparency. 

Once a magazine demanded an 8 X 10 transparency. I photographed it in an all-day studio session on Fujichrome Velvia for maximum color punch. Believe me, an 8 X 10 Velvia on a lightbox will practically punch your eyes out. The results, a three-quarters view of a nude holding a bunch of flowers, was lovely. Then the magazine printed it about 1 X 1 1/4 inches on the page! I could have shot it in 35 mm and it would have looked fine at that size. I’d expected full page. Photo editors are strange beasts! 

But, once again I seem to have drifted off topic. Due to the increased demand for film, film manufactures are working hard to meet demand. That’s not as easy as you might think, because film, particularly color film, can’t just me made, packaged, and shipped. Like fine whisky, film must be aged before sale. I’ve visited most of the major film makers and seen their aging vaults. I don’t know if they still do, but Kodak used to age their film deep underground in old salt mines. The temperature was constant down there, and the salt blocked most cosmic rays that can fog film, particularly high sensitivity films. Because of the need to scale up manufacturing again and the aging process, it may take film companies a while to catch up to greater demand. Be patient.

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About The Author: Bob Shell is a professional photographer, author, former editor in chief of Shutterbug Magazine and veteran contributor to this blog. He is currently serving a 35 year sentence for involuntary manslaughter for the death of Marion Franklin, one of his former models.  He is serving the 13th year of his sentence at Pocahontas State Correctional Facility, Virginia. To read additional articles by Bob Shell related to UFO’s, click here: https://tonyward.com/good-enough/

Mikala Mikrut: Prostitution in Nevada

Prostitute working the streets at night approaches a car
Photo: Tony Ward, Copyright 2023

Text by Mikala Mikrut,  Copyright 2023

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Prostitution in Nevada

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Prostitution has been a contentious issue in the United States for a long time, with many states having different laws regarding the practice. However, the state of Nevada stands out as the only state where prostitution is legal in certain counties. While this may seem surprising to some, the history of prostitution in Nevada is actually quite rich.

It’s important to note that not all counties in Nevada allow for legal prostitution. While it’s legal in 10 out of 17 counties, only 6 permit it in every municipality. The majority of active brothels are located in rural, isolated areas, with at least one in 7 different counties. However, prostitution is not allowed in Clark and Washoe counties, which include Las Vegas and Reno respectively, and it is also prohibited in Carson City. It’s worth noting that despite the legality of prostitution in certain counties, illegal prostitution is still much more prevalent in Nevada.

The history of legal prostitution in Nevada dates back to the mid-20th century. Weekly health checks for prostitutes became a regulated law in 1937, but it wasn’t until 1942 that prostitution near military bases was suppressed by order of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 1949, the Nevada Supreme Court upheld Reno officials who tried to shut down a brothel as a public nuisance after the order was lifted just a year before. In 1951, both Las Vegas and Reno closed their red-light districts as public nuisances. However, Joe Conforte, the owner of Mustang Ranch near Reno, managed to convince county officials to enact an ordinance that would allow for the licensing of brothels and prostitutes in 1971.

Under Nevada state law, any county with a population of up to 700,000 (as of the last decennial census) is allowed to license brothels. However, prostitution may be further regulated or prohibited altogether by incorporated towns or cities that allow it. Currently, there are only 21 legal brothels operating in Nevada, with about 200 women employed at any given time among the 21 locations. Some locales even have multi-unit complexes of several separate brothels run by the same owner.

In 1986, HIV testing became mandatory for sex workers, and in 1988, a mandatory condom law was passed to further protect the health of sex workers. A study conducted in 1995 on two legal brothels found that sexually transmitted diseases were absent and condom use was consistent among the sex workers. Few sex workers reported using condoms in their private lives, meaning that mandating condoms just for their work improved the health and livelihood of sex workers tremendously.

Despite the state’s efforts to make legal prostitution a safe and regulated business, illegal prostitution remains the most common form found in Nevada. In an effort to combat this, both Reno and Las Vegas have worked to expand their tourism base by attracting more families to hotels and casinos. Legislation against prostitution was enacted in 1971, making it illegal in Clark County to combat the street prostitution that was once rampant on the streets. However, sex workers can still be found in casinos and bars attempting to make contact with potential clients.

It’s worth noting that legal prostitution in Nevada only grosses about $75 million per year, while illegal prostitution in just the Las Vegas area grosses about $5 billion per year. This means that the majority of prostitution that actually occurs in Nevada is located in the metropolitan areas of Reno and Las Vegas, despite the state’s efforts to come up with solutions to make prostitution safe and regulated.

In conclusion, legal prostitution in Nevada is a complex issue that is surrounded by controversy. While it is legal in certain counties, illegal prostitution remains much more prevalent, particularly in urban areas. The state’s efforts to regulate and make prostitution safe for sex workers have had some positive impact, but there is still much work to be done.

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Prostitution has been a contentious issue in the United States for a long time, with many states having different laws regarding the practice. However, the state of Nevada stands out as the only state where prostitution is legal in certain counties. While this may seem surprising to some, the history of prostitution in Nevada is actually quite rich.It's important to note that not all counties in Nevada allow for legal prostitution. While it's legal in 10 out of 17 counties, only 6 permit it in every municipality. The majority of active brothels are located in rural, isolated areas, with at least one in 7 different counties. However, prostitution is not allowed in Clark and Washoe counties, which include Las Vegas and Reno respectively, and it is also prohibited in Carson City. It's worth noting that despite the legality of prostitution in certain counties, illegal prostitution is still much more prevalent in Nevada.

The history of legal prostitution in Nevada dates back to the mid-20th century. Weekly health checks for prostitutes became a regulated law in 1937, but it wasn't until 1942 that prostitution near military bases was suppressed by order of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 1949, the Nevada Supreme Court upheld Reno officials who tried to shut down a brothel as a public nuisance after the order was lifted just a year before. In 1951, both Las Vegas and Reno closed their red-light districts as public nuisances. However, Joe Conforte, the owner of Mustang Ranch near Reno, managed to convince county officials to enact an ordinance that would allow for the licensing of brothels and prostitutes in 1971.

Under Nevada state law, any county with a population of up to 700,000 (as of the last decennial census) is allowed to license brothels. However, prostitution may be further regulated or prohibited altogether by incorporated towns or cities that allow it. Currently, there are only 21 legal brothels operating in Nevada, with about 200 women employed at any given time among the 21 locations. Some locales even have multi-unit complexes of several separate brothels run by the same owner.

In 1986, HIV testing became mandatory for sex workers, and in 1988, a mandatory condom law was passed to further protect the health of sex workers. A study conducted in 1995 on two legal brothels found that sexually transmitted diseases were absent and condom use was consistent among the sex workers. Few sex workers reported using condoms in their private lives, meaning that mandating condoms just for their work improved the health and livelihood of sex workers tremendously.

Despite the state's efforts to make legal prostitution a safe and regulated business, illegal prostitution remains the most common form found in Nevada. In an effort to combat this, both Reno and Las Vegas have worked to expand their tourism base by attracting more families to hotels and casinos. Legislation against prostitution was enacted in 1971, making it illegal in Clark County to combat the street prostitution that was once rampant on the streets. However, sex workers can still be found in casinos and bars attempting to make contact with potential clients.

It's worth noting that legal prostitution in Nevada only grosses about $75 million per year, while illegal prostitution in just the Las Vegas area grosses about $5 billion per year. This means that the majority of prostitution that actually occurs in Nevada is located in the metropolitan areas of Reno and Las Vegas, despite the state's efforts to come up with solutions to make prostitution safe and regulated.

In conclusion, legal prostitution in Nevada is a complex issue that is surrounded by controversy. While it is legal in certain counties, illegal prostitution remains much more prevalent, particularly in urban areas. The state's efforts to regulate and make prostitution safe for sex workers have had some positive impact, but there is still much work to be done.
Photo: Tony Ward, Copyright 2023

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About The Author: Mikala Mikrut is a regular contributor to Tony Ward’s blog. To access additional articles by Mikala, click here: https://tonyward.com/mikala-mikrut-what-happens-in-vegas-stays-in-vegas/